educators: Dictionary Information

educators: Geographic Locations

educators: Historical Excerpts

Byzantine Empire Eastern Church. Dispute over use of images or ikons caused great controversy, 8th and 9th centuries; images restored 843, but political power of emperor over Church strengthened. Council of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius denounced Roman Church on matters of doctrine and papal primacy; widened schism between trvo Churches. Cyril and Methodius, Sts. Brothers played leading part in conversion of eastern European peoples; invented Glagolitic (Slavic) alphabet; made translations into Slavic language of important works (Roman Church used only Latin); made possible association of Slavic christianity with Constantinople. EDUCATION Byzantine Empire ‘Tyranny of the classics’-over-emphasis on preserving and interpreting classics of antiquity; little original or creative work; profound respect for study of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy; many important works preserved. Islam House of Wisdom, Baghdad. Center of intellectual life of Islam; founded 832; scholars studied, translated Aristotle, Plato, Euclid, neoplatonists, scientific treatises from India, Persia. SPAIN. Cordova. Greatest intellectual center of Europe; great libraries, mosque university; attracted scliolars from Christian Europe, Africa, Asia; study of Greek, Arabic, translations. Western Europe Boethius, Ancius. Christian scholar, translations of Aristotle; standard textbooks; essays on logic. Alcuin.’ English scholar, educator; headed Palace School established by Charlemagne; stimulated education in France, Germany; Grammar. Rhabanus Maurus. German theologian, scholar; pupil of Alcuin; famed encyclopedia, De universo; important in spreading carolingian learning.





EDUCATION Europe ITAVf. Villorino da Fellre, Humanist and educator; boarding school at Mantua; humanities taught; close contact between teacher and pupils, novel approacli; adaptation of teaching to need and ability of pupil. Guarino da Verona. Humanist and teacher, Ferrara; translated Greek and Latin classics, wrote Latin grammar. Valla, Lorenzo. Humanist scliolar; translated Herodotus and Thucydides into Latin; considered father of modern critical scholarship in field of history; proved Donation of constantine a forgery. Bessarion. Byzantine humanist; cardinal of Church; introduced neoplatonism to Italy; his collection of Greek manuscripts forms nucleus of St. Mark’s Library, Venice. Gaza, Theodorus of Thessalonica. Greek scholar, Ferrara; wrote standard textbook on Greek grammar. Nicholas V. Pope, humanist sdiolar; librarian for Cosimo de Medici, Florence, 1444; collector of manuscripts; founder of Vatican Library, 1450. NETHERLANDS. Agricola, Rodolphus (Huysman) Humanist scholar; taught classical literature at Heidelberg; opposed scholasticism; spread culture of renaissance throughout Germany. SPAIN. Mebrissensis. 1444-1522. Scholar; studied in Italy; introduced Greek at Seville, Salamanca, Alcala. HUNGARY. bibliotlteca Corvina, library of 10,000 manuscripts and books illuminated by Italian artists; Mathias Corvinus (1458-1490) great patron of learning. Asio INDIA. Moslem College or Madrasah at Bidar established by Muhammed Shah III at suggestion, of outstanding prime minister Mahmud Gavan, a Persian; buildings contained library of 3,000 volumes, quarters for professors and students, mosque, and lecture rooms.





Europe Erasmus, Desiderius. Foremost scholar of day; taught at Cambridge, England, 1510-14, attempted to substitute true classical knowledge for empty scholasticism of time; Latin, international language; recognized importance of history, geography, science. Bugenhagen, Johann. German Protestant reformer and educator; called ‘Father of German volksschule, reorganized schools and churches in nortliern Germany, carrying out Luther’s ideas; also reorganized University of Copenhagen and Danish churches and schools as Lutheran institutions. melanchthon, Philipp. Humanist, interested in Latin secondary schools; reorganized schools of soutliern and central Germany, carrying out ideas of Luther with University of Wittenberg as center; Report or Book of Visitation, first scliool survey report. Linacre, Thomas (or Lynaker) English humanist and physician; founded Royal College of Physicians in London, 1518; wrote Latin grammar; translated Aristotle and Galen into Latin; founded readerships in medicine at Oxford and Cambridge. Budaeus, Guillaume. Celebrated humanist scholar of France; royal librarian, 1522; modem research methods. Vives, Juan Luis. Spanish humanist, philosopher, logician; De causis corruptarum artium, one of the outstanding works on education, 1531. Dolet, Etienne. French scholar and printer; issued commentarii linguae latinae, 1538, great influence on French Renaissance; translations of Bible and Axiochus into French issued by his press resulted in his execution. Reuchlin, Johann. 1455-1522. German humanist and scliolar; first Hebrew grammar written by Christian, 1506; led humanists vs. clericals in opposing burning of Hebrew books; Greek translations. Colet, John. English theologian, ■ classical scholar, Iiumanist; introduced new learning into English secondary schools; founded St. Paul s,





EDUCATION Europe GERMANY. Storm, Johannes. Scholar and pre-eminent educator; founded, 1537, die Strasbourg Gymnasium; system of graded readings and classes became basis of European secondary schools; influenced by humanists; taught classics, wrote texts; exceedingly influential. ENGLAND. Under Elizabeth, 1558, sdiool instruction narrotvly religious with strict conformity to established Church: fines imposed upon employers of ‘unsound’ sdioolmastcrs; protestantism not synonymous with tolerance or freedom of thought, speech, or teaching. Ascham, Roger. Humanist, sdiolar, educator; wote The scholemastcr, pub. 1570, treatise on teaching of Latin, urging use of double-translation methods. Muicaster, Richard. Scholar and headmaster at two great English sdiools. Merchant Taylor s and St. Paul’s; educational theory in The Positions, 1581, and The elerncnlaric, 1582; influential representative of Sense Realist Sdiool. Recorde, Robert, cl 5 10-58. Madicmatician; texts on arithmetic, geometry, astronomy had important influence on science education. ITALY. Aquaviva, Claudio. 15431615. Jesuit teadier; author of Ratio, basis of all Jesuit education. SPAIN. Ponce de Leon, Pedro. CI520-84. benedictine monk, first recorded teacher of the deaf. Colloquies, 1519, Latin reading book by Erasmus banned by Council of Trent. First newspaper printed in Venice, 1563. Founding of universities of Leyden, 1575: Mexico, 1551; San Marcos de Lima, 1551; St. Thomas Aquinas of Santo Domingo, 1558; Rugby Sdiool. 1567; and Merdiant Taylor s Sdiool, 1561.





Europe ENGLAND. Bacon, Francis. contribution to education in his Novum Organum, 1620, advancement of Learning, 1605, and New Atlantis, 1627; study of nature basic to all scientific progress; gave importance to experimentation as well as observation; applied spirit of free inquiry to field of science, assuming end to be for practical rather than metaphysical purposes. Selden, John. 1584-1654. Jurist; scholar; one of most erudite men of period; origins of British Law; History of Tithes, 1618, anticlerical. Bodleian Library opened at Oxford University, 1622; has received copy of every book published in Britain; vast, valuable manuscript collection. BOHEMIA. Comenius, John. Moravian educator and theologian; leading pioneer in educational reform and ecumenical endeavor; teaching in vernacular, related to everyday e.xperiences; worked for universal system of education, offering equal opportunities to women; Didactica magna, 162832, contains his proposals; referred to as ‘father of modern educational theory and practice’; believed in worldwide uniformity of texts. GERMANY. Ratke, Wolfgang. Senserealist; innovator; conducted experimental school at Anstalt. NETHERLANDS. Erpenius, Thomas. (Van Erpe) Orientalist; one of most celebrated scholars of day. AMERICAN COLONIES. massachusetts Law of 1642 ordered all diildren be taught to read; Law of 1647 provided for public education with school and teacher; Harvard College founded, 1636; first American Latin Grammar School, Boston, 1635; first public library, Virginia.





1662; Academy of Sciences, France, 1666; and Natiomal observatory established at Greenwich, 1675. GERMANY. Francke, August. Theologian and educator; founder of Pietism; established first ‘institution, ’ school for poor children, a Latin school-gymnasium for well-to-do, and piidagogium for children of nobility; important attempt to introduce senserealism into schools (independent of Comenius) Semler, associated with Francke, first used term ‘realschule’ in connection with school at Halle; practical studies; wrote teacher’s training manual, 1697. FRANCE, de la Salle, Jean Baptiste. Founder of ’institute of the Brothers of the Christian scliools’ for elementary education, Rouen, 1684, which provided free elementary and religious instruction in vernacular for children of working classes; Conduct of Schools, guide for order. F6nelon, Francois. A founder of education for women; author of On Education of Girls; advocated education by first-hand observation and direct experience. ENGLAND. All legislation relating to education based on English poor laws; compulsory apprenticeship of cliildren of poor, vocational training in trades, public authorities required to provide these from local funds (colonies followed example); establishment of Church charity schools began in whitechapel, London, 1680; Conformity Act of 1662 drove Dissenters from teaching in schools, but courts in 1670 disavowed position, and rnore schools were founded. Milton, John. Influenced education in England and New Englan d; course of study. Of Education, 1644, proposed useful subjects and use of vernacular as opposed to older classical preoccupation of Latin grammar schools; attempt at sense-realism. American Colonies Schools established in New England colonies. New York, and Pennsylvania; College of William and Mary chartered in Virginia, 1692.





The Sodety of Jesus CJesuits) ceased to exist in the Catholic world with an order for then suppression by Pope Clement XIV. 1773. Given asylum by Frederick in Prussia and Catherine in Russia, they conUnued to work and teach in those countries. Kant, though he later became the spearhead of a great German religious revival, wrote the final philosophical defense of agnoslidsm in Ws Critique of Pure Reason, 1781. The United Slates saw a break with the Anglican Church, the rise of the Methodist Church, and the success of revival meetings. The great educator of the period was Johann Peslalozzi, considered the founder of modem educational methods. Sanskrit College founded at Benares, India, 1791.





Chauncy, Charles. 1705-87. Most influential clergyman (next to Edwards, his opponent) in New England; leader of ‘Old Lights, liberals in theological doctrinal disputes following Great Awakening: opposed establishment of Anglican bishopric in American colonies; patriot during Revolution; universalist following war. Backus, Isaac. 1725-1806. Leader of New England Baptists; champion of religious freedom; eminent religious historian. John Carroll consecrated as first Roman Catholic bishop in United States, Maryland, 1790. First Bible printed in United States, 1782. EDUCATION Europe SWITZERLAND. Pestalozzi, Johann. Great educator; considered founder of modern educational methods, primarily for elementary school level; rejected religious aim and teadiing of mere words and facts; tried instead to reduce educational process to well-organized routine based on natural development of child’s capacity to learn; experimental school, ‘l^euhof,’ at Zurich; important influence on European and American education. GERMANY. Basedow, Johann. Educator: published elementarwerk, 1774, introducing nature study and physical education as well as manual training; reforms used throughout Germany; important in establishment of realistic training. Adelung, Johann. 1732-1806. Grammarian; -wrote dictionary of High German. Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm. inaugurated great German Dictionary, first volume, 1752. FRANCE. La Chalotals, Louis. 170185. Magistrate and author of d Education Nationale, 1763, called education essentially a civil affair; real purpose of education to prepare citizens; influenced policy of relation of education to government; praised by Voltaire.





EDUCATION Europe GERMANY. Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm von. philologist, educator; Prussian minister of education, directed and reorganized secondary and higher education, largely following pestalozzi’s ideas; a Founder, University of Berlin, 1810; one of great liberal reformers (with Stein and Hardenberg); standardized courses; expert Kavi, ancient language of Java; brother of Alexander. Herbert, Johann. philosopher, educator; influenced by Pestalozzi and Fichte; emphasized importance of relating new concepts to experience; stressed need for moral education; wrote application of Psychology to Science of Education, Froebel, Friedrich. Founder, kindergarten system; founded first school and introduced system, 1816; stressed good surroundings, self-activity; important work, menschenerziehung (Education of Man), 1826. Gesenius, Wilhelm. 1786-1842. Orientalist; one of greatest Hebrew and biblical scholars; Hebrew Grammar, biblical commentary. Kurtz of Munich made first attempt to educate cripples in specially adapted schools, 1832. SWITZERLAND. Fellenberg, Philipp. agricultural educator; at estate ‘HofsvyP near Bern, 1799, put into practice theory of combining farm training and well-rounded education; first vocational (manual labor) school established, 1816; orphan asylum, 1804; basis for agricultural and industrial education today. FRANCE. Braille, Louis. Inventor of Braille system of printing and svriting for the blind, 1825. Dombasle, Christophe. 1777-1843. established first model farm and agricultural school in France, 1822: improved plough.





59. Historian: proposed nationalization of education in Parliament address, 1847, holding it to be the right and duty of the State to provide for tlie education of the common people.’ GERMANY. Grimm, Jakob. outstanding philologist, one of founders of comparative philology; wrote German Grammar, 1819-37, German Mythology, 1835. Liebig, Justus. Scientist; instituted first university laboratory instruction in chemistry in world at Giessen, 1826. NORWAY. Aasen, Ivor. Lexicographer; distinguished for having standardized Nonvegian dialects and created a national speech (Landsmaal); Grammar, 1848, Dictionary, 1850. DENMARK. Grundfvig, Nikolai. Writer and educator; founder, Danish Folk School; chamption of education for the masses,,





Young, Brigham. Leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons); led settlement at Salt Lake City; supreme control of theocratic, cooperative organization; territorial governor, superintendent of Indian Affairs for territory of Utah. Hecker, Isaac. 1819-88. Roman Catholic founder of Paulist Fathers (missionary Priests of St. Paul the Apostle), 1858; founded Catholic World. Eddy, Mary Baker. Founder of Christian Science Church, 1866; author of Science and Health, 1875, guide to religion’s faith-healing ideas; founder. Journal of Christian Science, 1883. Russell, Charles Taze. 1852-1916. Founder, russellites, 1872, Pittsburgh, pennsylvania (known since 1931 as jehovah’s Witnesses); moved to Brooklyn, New York, 1909. Einhorn, David. 1809-79. Jewish theological writer and leader of reform movement within Judaism in the United States. EDUCATION Europe ENGLAND. Compulsory education for all established, 1870; first money grants to evening schools for adult education; Girton College for Women, Cambridge, 1869. Manning, Henry. 1808-92. Roman Catholic Cardinal; greatly expanded education for poor; strongly resisted Catholic participation in Anglican universities, opposing Cardinal Newman. Sweet, Henry. 1845-1912. Pioneered modern scientific phonetics; History of English Sounds, 1874, landmark. ITALY. Cavour, Camillo, conte di. 1810-61. Prime minister; established schools, promoted public education. Middle East Bustani al-Buirus. Lebanese scholar, educator; translated, with Eli Smith, Bible into Arabic; compiled Arabic dictionary: wrote encyclopedia. circumference of Knowledge, six vol,UTnes;„fonnded..schnol:„Hnjuiist. ^





Europe GERMANY. Ebbinghaus, Hermann. Psychologist; pioneer in study of memory and learning; invented completion test for purposes of testing children’s intelligence, 1897; used in many countries. General. Ninety per cent of pupils graduating from Kurtz Foundation for Education of Crippled Children, 1877-1902, were able to earn their living. SPAIN. Giner de los Rios, Francisco. Educator and philosopher; founded institution Libre de Ensenanza, school which sought to develop spirit of free inquiry; reformed teaching methods in Spain; great influence. RUSSIA. Borodin, Aleksandr. Musician, physician; founded school of medicine for women. BELGIUM. Introduced secular education throughout country, 1879. ENGLAND. London School Board established schools for crippled children, 1898.





United States Einstein, Albert. Great germanamerican theoretical physicist; famous for tlieory of relativity, 1905 (completed 1916); suggested matter and energy might prove to be equivalent; proposed now famed formula, E = mc2; Nobel Prize for photoelectric tlieory, 1921; unified field theory, 1929-50; developed ‘quantum tlieory’ of specific heat. Millikan, Robert. Physicist, educator; Nobel Prize, 1923, for measurement of charge of electron and for work on photoelectric effect; studies of cosmic rays. Tesla, Nikola. Pioneer in field of high-tension electricity; inventor. Steinmetz, Charles. Discovered law of hysteresis; practical method of making calculations of alternating currents; built generator that produced artificial lightning; engineer. Richards, Theodore. Chemist; Nobel Prize for work in determining atomic weights of elements, 1914; compressibility of atoms. Langmuir, Irving. 1881-1957. Theory of atomic structure; atomic-hydrogen welding; contributed to development of radio vacuum tube; Nobel Prize, 1932, surface tension. Miller, Dayton. 1866-1941. Physicist; studied measurements of sound, light; successfully photographed and projected sound waves. Morgan, Thomas H. 1866-1945. Zoologist; performed notable experiments with fruit flies (genus drosophila), showing inherited characteristics linked and carried from generation to generation through the chromosomes; Nobel Prize, 1933. Funk, Casimir. 1884Biochemist; considered discoverer of vitamins. De Forest, lee. 1873Pioneer in development of wireless telegraphy, sound pictures, television; first highpowered naval radio stations; called ‘father of radio’; over 300 patents. Boas, Franz. 1858-1942. Notable anthropologist; influential. Novy, Frederick. 1864-1957. Bacteriologist; important public health stations; one of first to demonstrate an anaphylotox in (later histamine).





17. Americas UNITED STATES. James, William. Philosopher; most influential thinker of period in America; pragmatist; radical empiricism; brilliant and epoch-making Principles of Psycholop, 1890, Pragmatism, 1907, The Meaning of Truth, 1909, many others. Dewey, John. philosopher, educator; instrumentalism; effective use of science for good of man; democracy, primary ethical value (see Education). James, Henry. Novelist, essayist; stylist; psychological characterizations. Others. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, Theodore Dreiser, novelists; Edith Wharton, short-story writer; Edna St. Vincent Millay, poet. NICARAGUA. Dario, Rub6n. One of the great poets in Spanish language; leader, modern movement in Latin America. CHILE, Neruda, Pablo (Neftali Ryes). Surrealist poet; innovator in literary and social thought; influential. MEXICO. Azuela, Mariano. Los de Abajo (The Underdogs) 1916, early realistic novel. PERU. Chocano, Jos6. Leading poet; iQuien Sabel 1913; important pro-Indian approach. Middle Eost TURKEY. Tewfik, Fikret (Mehmed Tetvfik). Poet, metricist; founder, modern Turkish school of poetry; introduced sonnet; editor, therwet-ifiinun, illustrated periodical;jRM6a6-iShikeste (The Broken Lute) Khdiid, Ziya. outstanding writer of prose and fiction in Turkish literature; a founder of modern literary novel in Turkey, with Mdzvi we-Siyah (Blue and Black), Bir Yazyn Taikhi (Story of Summer). / Manfaluti al-Muslafa Lutft. Egyptian of turkish-arab descent; Tears.